16,000 mushrooms or fungi. Regulatory mechanisms align well with some threats (e.g., fishing, collection and trade) but not others (e.g., coral diseases and predators). 1532(16)). It is a very common species in many of the Pocillopora-dominated reef coral communities of the central Pacific. Since SPR D has lower human population density and a higher proportion of remote areas than P. meandrina' s entire range (Smith 2019b), local threats (fishing, land-based sources of pollution, collection and trade, and other local threats) are likely less severe in SPR D's range than across the range of the species. Although much more common in shallow water, P. meandrina occurs at depths of >30 m (98 ft; Smith 2019b). Threatened species of Annelida | World Problems & Global Issues The deepest P. meandrina colonies on record are from SPR D at a depth of 34 m (112 ft; Smith 2019b, Section 3.1.2). The high reproductive capacity, broad dispersal, high recruitment, rapid skeletal growth, and adaptability of P. meandrina are all characteristics of high productivity, i.e., they all positively affect population growth rate. It is a dominant or common species in 25 of its 95 ecoregions. However, the vulnerability of SPR B to climate change threats (ocean warming, ocean acidification, sea-level rise) are likely similar as for P. meandrina rangewide. Although the smallest SPR, and the one with the fewest ecoregions, the population encompasses an area 6,500 km (4,000 mi) wide in the central Pacific Ocean that includes approximately 32,000 km2 of coral reefs as well as extensive non-reef and mesophotic habitats (NMFS 2020b). Likewise, while different levels of ocean acidification are projected under RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5 from now to 2100, the projected impacts of reduced arg levels on P. meandrina are not clearly distinctive between the RCPs, and all three RCPs result in substantially worsening impacts. If the species within the SPR meets the definition of threatened or endangered, then the species should be listed throughout its range based on the status within that SPR. As is typical of P. meandrina, SPR B is more common at depths of <5 m (16 ft) than in deeper areas. In light of recent court decisions regarding our policy on the interpretation of the phrase significant portion of its range (SPR) under the ESA (79 FR 37577, July 1, 2014), we interpreted the petition as a request to first consider the status of P. meandrina throughout its range, followed by an SPR review consisting of: (1) Analysis of any SPRs, including the portion of the range within Hawaii; and (2) determination of the status of SPRs. The high recruitment, rapid growth, and short life span of P. meandrina result in rapid turnover of the population at a given location (Smith 2019b). List of Endangered Species | Animal Welfare Institute This status review of P. meandrina is based on the methodology provided in the Guidance on Responding to Petitions and Conducting Status Reviews under the Endangered Species Act (NMFS 2017): An overall extinction risk assessment of the species is based on dual assessments of its demographic risk factors (distribution, abundance, productivity, diversity) and a threats evaluation. Warming of seawater at the sea's surface lags behind warming of air at the sea's surface. As explained in the SRR (Smith 2019b), there is very little information available on the interactions of the threats with one another for P. meandrina or other Pocillopora species, thus the available information is inadequate to determine P. meandrina' s susceptibilities to the interactions of threats. The following sections provide the SPR analysis and determinations for P. meandrina. As explained in the Listing Species Under the Endangered Species Act section of this finding, an endangered species is presently at risk of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. Not to be confused with Cnidrion, an enemy that spawns in the Desert. Although P. meandrina is usually more common at depths of <5 m (16 ft) than in deeper areas, its depth range is from the surface to at least 34 m (112 ft). We do not expect extinction risk to grow rapidly in the foreseeable future, because as described earlier in this section, P. meandrina has several demographic characteristics that moderate its extinction risk. An analysis of the timing and extent of ocean acidification and ocean warming on the world's coral reefs under the three RCPs found that there would be progressively greater and earlier declines in calcification under RCPs 8.5, 6.0, and 4.5, respectively, over the 21st century. is the phylum of animals that contains corals, jellyfish (sea jellies), sea anemones, sea pens, and hydrozoans. Threat vulnerabilities were rated as: High for ocean warming and ocean acidification; Moderate for predation; Low to Moderate for fishing, land-based sources of pollution, and collection and trade; Low for sea-level rise, disease, and other threats (global); Very Low to Low for other threats (local), and Unknown for interactions of threats. Thus, impacts from ocean acidification and reduced arg levels on P. meandrina are also reasonably foreseeable to 2100. Its range includes some remote areas with small or no human populations, including most of the Maldives and Seychelles in the Indian Ocean, and parts of eastern Indonesia, the northern GBR, and the Kimberley Coast of Australia in the Pacific Ocean, and many others (Smith 2019b, Fig. Sea Level Rise (Factor E). While exposure of P. meandrina to fishing is high in certain areas, it is low to none in a large proportion of the species' range, resulting in low exposure overall. Draft ratings were conducted in August and September, 2019, then a Team meeting was held on September 30, 2019, to discuss the draft ratings and to ensure that all Team members had a common understanding of the guidance. The OFR/GPO partnership is committed to presenting accurate and reliable 2018). Productivity refers to the overall population growth rate of P. meandrina in all 95 ecoregions combined. The Corals of the World website (http://www.coralsoftheworld.org) provides comprehensive range information for all 758 currently known Indo-Pacific reef-building corals, based on presence/absence in 133 Indo-Pacific ecoregions. Ocean warming in conjunction with the other threats have recently resulted in the worst impacts to Indo-Pacific reef-building corals ever observed. and services, go to Therefore, based on the best available information provided above, we consider SPR B's overall abundance to be high, but its overall abundance trend is unknown (Table 4). 1532(6) and (20)). Distribution and abundance strongly influence a population's productivity and diversity (see SRR, Sections 3.3 and 3.4), thus SPR D likely contains approximately 14 to 20 percent of P. meandrina' s total productivity and diversity. One Team member moved likelihood points from High to Moderate, for the final rating following the September 30, 2019, Team meeting in response to clarification regarding the temporal distinction between High and Moderate extinction risk (Smith 2019b). Based on the information in the SRR, we consider SPR C's productivity to be high, despite declining abundance trends in one ecoregion. Based on this information, we consider the depth range of P. meandrina from the surface to at least 34 m (112 ft). The absolute abundance of P. meandrina is estimated as at least several tens of billions of colonies. Under the final SPR Policy announced in July 2014, should we find that the species is of low extinction risk throughout its range and not warranted for listing, as we have for P. meandrina, then we must go on to consider whether the species may have a higher risk of Start Printed Page 40497extinction in a significant portion of its range (79 FR 37577; July 1, 2014). The demographic risk assessment utilized the information provided in the SRR (Smith 2019b) on P. meandrina' s four demographic risk factors of distribution, abundance, productivity, and diversity. We consider P. meandrina' s overall susceptibility to all LBSP combined to be moderate (Smith 2019b). For example, fishing, land-based sources of pollution, and predation heavily impact P. meandrina in portions of its range, and may negatively interact with one another and other threats. Based on the information in the GSA (Smith 2019a), SRR (Smith 2019b), and this finding, P. meandrina is expected to face low to moderate extinction risk in the foreseeable future throughout its range. In addition, the interactions of threats with one another could be significantly worse than any individual threat, especially as each threat grows. The vulnerability of P. meandrina to predation is summarized here in terms of its susceptibility and exposure to this threat, based on information in the SRR (Smith 2019b). However, the trends in disturbance, recovery time, and coral cover are projected to worsen with climate change, thus overall resilience is also projected to decrease throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a,b). The resulting warming of the earth has been unequivocal, and each of the last three decades has been successively warmer than any preceding decade since 1850. SPR B qualifies as an SPR because it is significant to the viability of P. meandrina, based on the population's distribution, abundance, and productivity. Because we expect P. meandrina to face a low to moderate risk of extinction in the foreseeable future throughout its range, it does not meet the definition of a threatened species, and is thus not warranted for listing as threatened at this time. Each demographic risk factor is described for P. meandrina below. Since that time, the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from industrial and agricultural activities has resulted in atmospheric CO2 concentrations that have increased from approximately 280 ppm in 1850 to 410 ppm in 2019 (Smith 2019a). We expect vulnerabilities of P. meandrina to changes in ocean circulation and tropical storms to increase in the foreseeable future as climate change worsens. The currently available information does not indicate that P. meandrina or other Pocillopora species have the capacity to acclimatize to, adapt to, or resist the effects the levels of ocean acidification expected in the foreseeable future (Smith 2019b). The reality is that most or all threats interact with one another at various spatial and temporal scales, thus the effects of these interactions could be significantly worse than any individual threat alone, especially as each threat grows throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a). Also, P. meandrina has made strong recoveries in recent years from various types of disturbances at multiple locations throughout its range, displacing less competitive coral species and becoming more abundant than before the disturbances (e.g., GBR, Society Islands). Cnidaria, Invertebrates, Animals, Endangered Animals Species The host coral benefits by receiving fixed organic carbon and other nutrients from the zooxanthellae, and the zooxanthellae benefit by receiving inorganic waste metabolites from the coral host as well as protection from grazing. Leatherback Turtle Overview Conservation & Management Science Resources Leatherback Turtle Dermochelys coriacea Protected Status ESA Endangered Throughout Its Range CITES Appendix I Throughout Its Range SPAW Annex II Throughout the Wider Caribbean Region Quick Facts Weight Adult: 750 to 1,000 pounds Length Likewise, other groupings of ecoregions are not significant to the viability of P. meandrina for the same reasons, even groups with more ecoregions than SPRs B (27 ecoregions) and D (19 ecoregions) such as those of the Coral Triangle (#15-42, 28 ecoregions), because they do not possess the unique characteristics described above for SPRs B and D. The second step in our SPR analysis was to determine the status of each SPR with an Extinction Risk Assessment (ERA) similar to the process described in the Rangewide Extinction Risk Assessment section, except that the ERA Team was not involved. WebView history The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data Book, founded in 1964, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of Nevertheless, they may affect the extinction risk of some Indo-Pacific reef-building coral species, including P. meandrina, throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a). Rapid turnover of P. meandrina populations provide capacity to adjust to changing conditions (adaptability) because the most resistant genotypes survive disturbances like bleaching events, then reproduce relatively quickly to claim open substrate. However, SPR C also includes many remote areas with small or no human populations where local threats are virtually absent, such as parts of eastern Indonesia, northern Australia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and others (Smith 2019a; NMFS 2020b). Of the 68 countries, 53 (78 percent) have laws that regulate coral reef fisheries. Instead, based on the information in the GSA (Smith 2019a), SRR (2019b), and NMFS (2020b), staff of the NMFS Pacific Islands Regional Office analyzed the demographic factors and threats for each of the four SPRs to inform its extinction risk. Abundance is very high because (1) the relative abundance results indicate that P. meandrina is dominant or common in about one-third of its very large range; and (2) the absolute abundance results show that the U.S. population alone (which makes up only 1 percent of the species' range) is approximately 1.48 billion colonies. Details about these five categories of regulatory mechanisms for the Start Printed Page 40493management of local threats are provided in the GSA (Smith 2019a). While P. meandrina' s distribution, productivity, and diversity are currently strong and stable, recent abundance trends are declining in half of the ecoregions for which data or information are available (five of 10 ecoregions). We consider the current vulnerabilities of P. meandrina to changes in ocean circulation and tropical storms to be low, based on low susceptibilities combined with highly variable exposures. Reef-building corals are marine invertebrates in the phylum Cnidaria that occur as polyps, usually forming colonies of many clonal polyps on a calcium carbonate skeleton. In conclusion, the information in the GSA (Smith 2019a), the SRR (Smith 2019b), Start Printed Page 40504and NMFS (2020b) provide support for SPR D currently being at low to moderate extinction risk throughout the foreseeable future. The vulnerabilities of P. meandrina to these other threats are summarized here in terms of its susceptibility and exposure to these five threats, based on information in the SRR (Smith 2019b). Both acute and chronic anthropogenic disturbances are broadening and worsening on coral reefs near human populations throughout the Indo-Pacific, and all anthropogenic disturbances of Indo-Pacific coral reefs are projected to worsen throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a,b). Since SPR C includes approximately 76 percent of the range of P. meandrina, the threats to SPR C are similar as to the entire species, thus the threat vulnerability ratings are applicable to SPR C. Threat vulnerabilities were rated as: high for ocean warming and ocean acidification; Moderate for predation; Low to Moderate for fishing, land-based sources of pollution, and collection and trade; Low for sea-level rise, disease, and other threats (global); Very Low to Low for other threats (local), and Unknown for interactions of threats. In the four ecoregions for which time-series abundance data or information are available for SPR A, abundance appears to be decreasing in two ecoregions (Chagos Archipelago, Marianas Islands) and stable in two ecoregions (GBR Far North, GBR North-central; Smith 2019b, Table 4; NMFS 2020b). These climate change threats are likely to be exacerbated by local threats such as fishing and land-based sources of pollution in some of SPR B's range. Cnidarians - Species and Facts | SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment The likelihood point method allows expression of uncertainty by Team members (NMFS 2017). In addition, P. meandrina' s abundance has remained stable in recent years in half the ecoregions (5/10) where information is available, whether there have been disturbances or not (Smith 2019b). Several Team members moved likelihood points from Low to Moderate, and one Team member moved likelihood points from High to Moderate, for the final rating following the September 30, 2019, Team meeting. The broad geographic and depth distribution of P. meandrina includes nearly the entire range of habitats for Indo-Pacific reef-building corals (Smith 2019). Crassophyllum thessalonicae; Actinaria. 2017) diversity within portions of individual ecoregions. Reef-building corals like P. meandrina build reefs because they are sessile (the colony is attached to the substrate), secreting their own custom-made substrates which grow into skeletons, providing the primary building blocks for coral reef structure. 2011). The effects of most threats to Indo-Pacific reef-building corals have already been observed to be worsening, based on the monitoring results and the scientific literature. The population's ecoregions extend from the western edge of the species' range in the western Indian Ocean to the central western portion of its range in the Pacific Ocean (NMFS 2020b). Cnidarian Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Each threat, and the interactions of threats, are described both in terms of observed effects since relevant scientific information became available (usually mid-20th century), and projected effects throughout the foreseeable future (Smith 2019a,b). In conclusion, P. meandrina' s demographic factors are indicative of a robust and resilient species that is better suited for responding to ongoing and projected threats than most other reef-building coral species. Distribution and abundance strongly influence a population's productivity and diversity (see SRR, Sections 3.3 and 3.4), thus SPR A likely contains approximately 70 to 85 percent of P. meandrina' s total productivity and diversity. Under the ESA, a listing determination addresses the status of a species, its subspecies, and, for any vertebrate species, any distinct population segment (DPS) that interbreeds when mature (16 U.S.C. Collection and trade refers to the physical process of taking reef-building corals from their natural habitat (collection) for the purpose of sale in the marine aquarium and ornamental industries (trade). Morphologically, P. meandrina colonies are small upright bushes, with branches radiating from the initial point of growth. Its range encompasses the densest aggregations of coral reefs in the world, amounting to approximately 178,000 km2 of coral reef area (Table 4). 3). A species may not necessarily be highly vulnerable to a threat even when it is highly susceptible to the threat, if exposure is low. 12), reflecting high uncertainty; (3) the projections of reduced arg levels vary depending on whether feedbacks are considered (NMFS 2020a, Fig. 29,300 fish. Although there is little information available on the genotypic and phenotypic diversity of SPR A, its large distribution and high habitat heterogeneity suggest that both types of diversity are high for this population. Much of P. meandrina' s range occurs in remote areas that are difficult to reach by fishers, or in marine protected areas where fishing is restricted or banned. According to Nature, the main threats for biodiversity on Earth are: Exploitation: 37 % (hunting, fishing). Relevant regulatory mechanisms include all those related to GHG management globally, and the management of local threats in the 68 countries with Indo-Pacific reef-building corals (NMFS 2012, 2014), the great majority of which have P. meandrina in their waters (Smith 2019b). Section 4(b)(1)(A) of the ESA requires that NMFS make listing determinations based solely on the best scientific and commercial data available after conducting a review of the status of the species and taking into account those efforts, if any, being made by any state or foreign nation, or political subdivisions thereof, to protect and conserve the species. Overall Extinction Risk. In addition, SPR B's distribution includes over 1,000 atolls and islands with small or no human populations (NMFS 2020b) where local threats are relatively low. Pocillopora meandrina has been classified as a competitive species, based on its broadcast spawning, rapid skeletal growth, and branching colony morphology, which allow it to recruit quickly to available substrate and successfully compete for space (Darling et al. The larvae of P. meandrina disperse by swimming, drifting, or rafting, providing the potential for high dispersal. Currently, P. meandrina has high and stable productivity and diversity, a very large distribution, very high abundance, and stable (five ecoregions) or decreasing (five ecoregions) abundance in the 10 ecoregions for which abundance trend data or information are available. T Hansard archive Fishing techniques became so effective that some species are in danger of extinction. WebThe horses introduction into the 850,000-hectare (210,040-acre) landscape of steppes, river canyons, pine, oak, juniper forests and farmland is part of Rewilding Spain s 20 NRDC Most reef-building corals form complex colonies made up of a tissue layer of polyps (a column with mouth and tentacles on the upper side) growing on top of a calcium carbonate skeleton, which the polyps produce through the process of calcification (Brainard et al. 2; NMFS 2020b). A complete list of the references used in this 12-month finding is available at https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/species/pocillopora-meandrina-coral#conservation-management and upon request (see FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT). Gland, Switzerland, 25 March 2021 (IUCN) - Following population declines over several decades due to poaching for ivory and loss of habitat, the African forest elephant ( Loxodonta cyclotis) is now listed as Critically Endangered and the African savanna elephant ( Loxodonta africana) as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of 2004). WebCalifornia lawmakers have agreed to create a conservation plan and a fund to help protect the western Joshua Tree, which faces extinction due to climate change. The distribution, abundance, productivity, and diversity of P. meandrina substantially moderate its extinction risk. We consider the current vulnerability of P. meandrina to ocean acidification to be high, based on high susceptibility combined with highly variable exposure. The Team rated P. meandrina' s abundance as a moderate risk in both the draft and final ratings (Table 1). That is, each P. meandrina SPR is identified based on its significance to the viability of the species, in terms of that SPR's distribution, abundance, productivity, and diversity. In addition, information from portions of individual ecoregions within SPR B shows high genotype and phenotypic diversity (Smith 2019b, Section 3.4). Fish and Wildlife Service, the definition of significant in the SPR Policy was invalidated. While every effort has been made to ensure that Only official editions of the Species at Moderate extinction risk are on a trajectory that puts them at a high level of extinction risk in the foreseeable future, due to projected threats or declining trends in distribution, abundance, productivity, or diversity. Federal Register. Genetic studies show high genotypic diversity in P. meandrina on small geographic scales (e.g., one island), and genotypic diversity is likely even higher within individual ecoregions, l et al one across the 95 ecoregions that make up the range of the species. In the four ecoregions for which time-series abundance data or information are available for SPR D, abundance appears to be decreasing in two ecoregions (Northwestern Hawaiian Islands, Main Hawaiian Islands) and stable in two ecoregions (Samoa-Tuvalu-Tonga, Society Islands; Smith 2019b, Table 4; NMFS 2020b). This document has been published in the Federal Register. The Therefore, we consider SPR B's diversity to be high and stable (Table 4). We expect vulnerability of P. meandrina to ocean warming to increase throughout the foreseeable future as climate change worsens, resulting in higher frequency, severity, and magnitude of warming-induced bleaching events (Smith 2019a,b, NMFS 2020a). Productivity of P. meandrina is high due to its high reproductive capacity, broad dispersal, high recruitment, rapid skeletal growth, and adaptability, i.e., these characteristics of the species all positively affect population growth rate. danger of extinction All threats are expected to worsen throughout the foreseeable future, and to be exacerbated by the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms (Smith 2019a). Therefore, based on the best available information provided in the SRR (Smith 2019b), we consider SPR D's distribution to be large and stable (Table 4). The ERA Team's ratings were only for P. meandrina rangewide, thus the Team did not consider whether any smaller areas within its range constitute Significant Portions of its Range (Smith 2019b). 2017, Smith 2019b). Cnidaria (Jellyfish, Corals, Sea Anemones etc.) Although SPR D only consists of approximately 14 percent of the range of P. meandrina, it nevertheless covers approximately 32,000 km2 of reef area (Table 4), as well as extensive non-reef and mesophotic habitats, spread across the central Pacific, thus constituting a large distribution. Since colonies are sessile, they cannot flee from unfavorable environmental conditions, thus must have substantial capacity for acclimatization and adaptation to the natural variability in environmental conditions at their location. The Status Review reports (Smith 2019a,b) and the Peer Review Report are available on our website at http://www.cio.noaa.gov/services_programs/prplans/PRsummaries.html. Thus, P. meandrina' s exposure to predation is likely highly variable across its range (Smith 2019b). SPR D. SPR D's distribution consists of P. meandrina' s Ecoregions #69-87. 2015). In conclusion, the information in the GSA (Smith 2019a), the SRR (Smith 2019b), and the ERA Team's results (Tables 1-3) provide support for P. meandrina currently being at low risk of extinction throughout its range, and at low to moderate risk of extinction throughout its range in the foreseeable future. With regard to relative abundances, in the 65 ecoregions for which information is available, it is dominant in seven, common in 18, uncommon in 36, and rare in four ecoregions (Fig. Threat vulnerabilities were rated as: High for ocean warming and ocean acidification; Moderate for predation; Low to Moderate for fishing, land-based sources of pollution, and collection and trade; Low for sea-level rise, disease, and other threats (global); Very Low to Low for other threats (local), and Unknown for interactions of threats. Exposure of colonies of P. meandrina to coral disease depends on exposure to other threats, especially ocean warming and LBSP. These tools are designed to help you understand the official document WebUnder the Endangered Species Act (ESA), plant and animal species may be listed as either endangered or threatened.
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which cnidarians are in danger of extinction